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How Banks Earn Money?
Banks use your money to give loans to others. And the interest that they charge on that loan, is their earnings. The RBI has a rule. Of all the money deposited by the depositors with a bank, the bank has to keep at least 4% of it with itself as Cash Reserve. This is known as the Cash Reserve Ratio. And the RBI is the boss of all banks in India. So the boss decides what should be the Cash Reserve Ratio. This keeps changing with time. Some time ago, it was around 3.5% presently, it is at 4%.
Apart from it, there's the Statutory Liquidity Ratio. This Ratio is at 18% now. This is the ratio that the RBI directs the banks that at least this percent of the public deposits it has, has to be deposited at a place specified by the RBI as a Reserve. Such as in Government bonds, gold reserves, securities, or investing in PSUs. So for Indian banks, today, if you forget about the 22% of the money (18%+4%), the leftover deposits with the banks can be used to give loans to others and earn profits for themselves. From the difference in the interest rates.
Apart from this, for all the banks in the world, there are 2 more main sources of income. The first is the revenue from fees and commissions. The various types of fees are being charged, if you aren't maintaining a minimum account balance, a fee is charged. The fee that is charged for various services of the bank you use. The bank gets some money from there as well.
And second is the investments made by the bank. The bank invests on its own in multiple assets. It can invest in government bonds, can invest in gold, and it can invest in the stock market. And the money that the bank gets from there, is also a major source of income. If we talk about expenses, a major part of the bank expenses is paying the salaries of the employees and managers. It accounts for about 30%-40% of the total expenses.
That of all the money we've deposited with the banks, the banks are giving out 70-80% of it as loans to others. If all the depositors of the bank want to withdraw all their money from the bank, what then? The bank will fail then. This is known as the Bank Run. And it is not possible for any bank in the world. Because no bank holds all the deposits itself in cash.
It doesn't happen realistically, so there's nothing to be afraid of. Unless people panic because of some news and everyone wants to withdraw their money at the same time. But the thing that does happen is that the bank has given out huge loans, and the loans become Bad Loans. And the borrowers cannot repay the money. And the bank is left with no money to pay the depositors.
So, friends, this is how the banking business in India works. If you want to enter into this business, If you want to start a bank, You can do so. Everyone is allowed to do it. Because after all, starting a private bank is a form of business. Since you've understood the business model, you will simply need ₹5 billion. According to some estimates, you need to have at least this much initial capital, if you want to start your own private bank in India. You will need to get permission from RBI for this. Because RBI is the regulator of the banks.